Classical probability theory assumes an equal likelihood for all outcomes. For example, if you were to flip a coin, there's an equal change of it landing on "heads" or "tails." Microsoft Excel offers ...

Probability underpins AI, cryptography and statistics. However, as the philosopher Bertrand Russell said, “Probability is the most important concept in modern science, especially as nobody has the ...

Probability theory has long provided a rigorous framework for quantifying uncertainty, yet its extension to infinite sets introduces profound conceptual challenges and opportunities. Contemporary ...

Quantum mechanics replaced the clockwork certainty of classical physics with something far stranger: a framework in which particles do not follow single, predictable paths but instead exist as clouds ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract It is shown that quantum mechanics cannot be formulated as a stochastic theory involving a probability distribution function of position and ...

A team of international physicists has brought Bayes’ centuries-old probability rule into the quantum world. By applying the “principle of minimum change” — updating beliefs as little as possible ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract A gas relaxing into equilibrium is often taken to be a process in which a system moves from an “improbable” to a “probable” state. Given that ...