An integrated approach is essential for an effective criminal justice system. By combining insights from criminology, penology, and victimology, a holistic approach to addressing crime can be ...

Deterrence and vengeance form the basis of what traditional penology calls the “principle of less eligibility,” that is, the belief that incarcerated persons should not be afforded greater ...

Deterrence was the linchpin of U.S. defense strategy for decades, but the political and military context for deterrence has changed significantly. Instead of a single, near-peer opponent, the U.S.