Evaporation is an endothermic process undertaken by all liquids. This physical state change occurs when surface molecules gain sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the enthalpy of vaporization. Such ...

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor. The boiling point of a ...

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As you might expect, we want our cooling liquid to be colder than 0°C (32°F) to turn our water into ice. As the cooling liquid absorbs energy from the water there's a danger it will heat up. We can ...