Until the mid-19th century, punishments were carried out in full view of the public. Executions took place on public gallows in the middle of towns and cities, and often attracted crowds of ...

The central purposes of the death penalty ... For the goal of retribution to be satisfied, an offender must "deserve" his punishment because he chose to commit a crime and knew what he was ...

The primary purpose of the punishment which society inflicts is "to redress the disorder caused by the offence."(46) Public authority must redress the violation of personal and social rights by ...